Some of the high profile planters that were indebted to the ruthless Tobacco Lords and near bankruptcy included future Presidents of the United States George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. The painting contains the surviving children from his first two marriages and his third wife Lady Margaret McKenzie. Ann Nisbet died on the 11th April 1766 in Glasgow, cause of death was child bed fever. Glasgow’s tobacco lords reigned supreme and their lavish townhouses littered the growing city centre which spread west from the Trongate. Tobacco Lords Maduro Speirs. Not everyone welcomed this success. (OPR) Scotland. GLASSFORD, John and COATS, Anne. There were a number of advantages Glasgow had over the English ports, one natural, the others as a result of astute business methods and structures. Discover the history of the Glasgow Tobacco Lords, as part of the Scottish Archive Networks online Black History Exhibition. A central accounting system was established, operated by special officers in London and Edinburgh, to ensure that every pound of tobacco was tracked from importer to retailer. 559/ 20 52. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [13] Addison, W. Innes. Whilst this would appear as a reasonable long-term investment in the trade, particularly as the shipped tobacco was very quickly sold on domestically and into Europe, there was an incipient threat in that a growing and significant proportion of the capital in the business was debt. (OPR) Scotland. Additionally, the three major banks (Ship, Arms and Thistle) formed between 1750 and 1761 were co-partnerships dominated by the tobacco lords. John Glassford’s father James was a merchant in Paisley. p 414.  https://archive.org/, [9] Testamentary Records. The Glasgow tobacco trade was by this time a resounding success with the main players such Glassford, Spiers and Cunninghame becoming fabulously wealthy. 1790/12/013990: Robert Peter vs. William Deakins, Jr., Bernard O’Neal, Edward Burgess, Richard Thompson, John Peters, and Thomas Beall. Perhaps the answer lies in the following extracts from Frederick County, Maryland Land Records[48] and the Maryland Genealogical Society Records.[49]. 685/02 0160 0212. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [39] Births. GLASSFORD, John and MACKENZIE, Margaret. Glasgow. And they were important. INGRAM, Archibald and GLASSFORD, Rebecca. It had been believed previously that he had been painted out to avoid any family connection to slavery, however it seems that the figure simply faded over time. Image of glasgows, grunge, miller - 155926584 English tobacco trading was mainly commission based which involved taking crops on consignment and selling them on in domestic and European markets on behalf of the planters thereby earning a commission on the sale. Well, Europe’s taste for Virginia tobacco was rapacious and Glasgow just happened to be located where the trade winds hit Europe first, giving Glasgow merchants at least a two-week advantage over other ports in Europe. He was said to be one of most successful of the Tobacco Lords, owning the biggest fleet of ships at that time as well as various tobaccos plantations. p 367.  https://archive.org/, [7] Watson, Charles B. Boog, ed. He served as Lord Provost of Glasgow from 1740 to 1742. GLASSFORD, James and GEMMILL, Agnes. John Duncan (1897-1966) and the Glassford Family Painting. Glasgow: John Smith & Son. GLASSFORD, Henry. p. 138. https://archive.org/stream/curiositiesofgla00stewuoft#page/138/search/coats, [21] Deaths (OPR) Scotland. One of the economic limitations imposed by the English was the Navigation Act, which hindered the Scottish from profiting in the growing trade with England’s colonies (including America), but Glasgow’s location and savvy merchant skills would propel them into an economic boom and turn mere merchants into Tobacco Lords. Was this John’s brother from his father’s first marriage to Agnes Gemmill? The impact of the Tobacco Lords on Glasgow's architectural heritage remains today. COATS, Anne. Immediately post 1707 imports averaged 1,450,000 lbs per annum, Post 1710 pre-1720 imports averaged 2,500,000 lbs per annum. However, some merchants cashed out just in time and found new thriving business ventures, such as the trade of sugar and cotton from the new world. (1866) View of the Merchants House of Glasgow etc. Glasgow. Sir Hector McNeill – Lord Provost of Glasgow 1945 – 1949. Unfortunately, just over five weeks later on the 29th March, Lady Margaret died.[42]. [1] Her father was Thomas Smelie, an Edinburgh merchant and also a burgess and guild brother of the city. St Cuthbert’s, Edinburgh. 11 December 1715. Glasgow. Edinburgh. He made fortunes at the tobacco trade, but due the American war he died buried in debt. GLASSFORD, Catharine. (1930) Roll of Edinburgh Burgesses and Guild Brethren 1701-1760. The French purchases from Britain were initially small but as the 18th century progressed they began to buy more and more from Britain; significantly greater domestic demand, reduced British taxation impositions and the quality of the product driving them to do so. 644/01 0470 0168. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk. MO. At a time when tobacco could be purchased for one penny to three halfpennies per pound, the cost of freight was one halfpenny per pound. Andrew Buchanan of Drumpellier was a Scottish tobacco merchant with … As an aside around 1717-1720 that monopoly was run by a Scottish economist called John Law (a convicted murderer) through an organisation called ‘The Mississippi Company’ who had the monopoly on the importing and reselling of tobacco. 11 April 1766. Impact of the Revolution on Tobacco Trade. John Oswald Mitchell. GLASSFORD, Anna. (1826-1904) – and the Slavery Connection, Alexander Speirs – Tobacco Lord (1714 – 1782) Part 2, Alexander Speirs – Tobacco Lord (1714 – 1782) Part 1. Joe Bosso, Kim Campbell Thorton, Nick Hammond, Julie Harrington Giffin, Kenny Herzog, Dave Johnson, Elisa Jordan, Amanda Keeley-Thurman, Kevin Kenney, Randy Mastronicola, Greg Mays, Audrey Pavia, Breahna Wheeler. 4 January 1759. McKENZIE, (Glassford) Lady Margaret. Robert Peter bought other slaves but those records I have seen clearly state that the purchases were on his own or his family’s behalf, and they never involved a single slave purchase. The tobacco trade provided fifty years of major growth for the city of Glasgow, and the wallets of shrewd merchants. James. Shorter sailing times meant commercial intelligence could pass between Glasgow and the colonies much more quickly. Edinburgh: Scottish Record Society. The Glasgow Story - Industrial Revolution - 1770s to 1830s. Glassford. James Glassford 1734. Abbey, Renfrewshire. 9 October 1750. James Glassford 1733. (1930) Roll of Burgesses and Guild Brethren 1701-1760. (Ed Note: In print, this article was incorrectly attributed Lanee Lee). For although the Tobacco Lords of Glasgow were discussed in the history of Glasgow when I was at school, the fact that the tobacco trade was founded on slavery was never really referred to. They had six children all of whom, with the exception of John, survived into adulthood. Owing directly to American tobacco, a small town in Scotland became an industrial city–and its merchants– wealthy lords. Devine, T. M. (1975) The tobacco lords : a study of the tobacco merchants of Glasgow and their trading activities, c.1740-90 Edinburgh : Donald Level 6 Main Lib Economics K605.G5. Fundamentally the English traders were ‘middle men’ with business risks mainly with the planter. Key changes were: more stringent regulations for the collection of dues, abolition of the separate Board of Customs for Scotland and replacing it with a rotating subcommittee of the London Board located in Edinburgh, and the sacking of native Scottish customs officers and their replacement by experienced English officers. Malcontent colonists felt cheated by the tobacco trade, and tensions steadily grew approaching the 1760’s. Learn more about the tobacco trade that helped Glasgow grow from a small town to a city of commerce. When that challenge began to erode the English ports activity in tobacco, the reaction from London and Bristol merchants in particular was to attribute this to illicit activity on the part of the Glasgow merchants. This situation would have facilitated financial support of the industry. It was purchased in 1760 by John Glassford (1715-83), one of the most wealthy and influential of Glasgow’s Tobacco Lords. [46] Goodfellow, G. L. M. “Colin Campbell’s Shawfield Mansion in Glasgow.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, vol. GLASSFORD. The tobacco lords: A study of the tobacco merchants of Glasgow and their trading activities, c. 1740-90 Simply put, it was Glasgow’s position on the west side of Scotland, along the River Clyde, that made it the perfect jumping off point for trading with the West Indies and America. The Act of Union of 1707 resulted in changes to the Navigation Acts which allowed ‘Freedom and Intercourse of Trade and Navigation’ with England and her colonies. 29 March 1773. GLASSFORD, Rebecca. Some Tobacco Lords never recovered from the blow and lost everything, like John Glassford. MSA S512-4108   1/36https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/stagser/s1400/s1432/html/s1432b.html, [49] Maryland Genealogical Society. p. 156.https://archive.org/stream/enumerationofinh00clel#page/156, [16] Senex et al. Photo about The Tobacco Lords house in Glasgow on Miller street. (OPR) Scotland. The Glasgow tobacco lords made their money from re-exporting tobacco through Scottish ports as well as by handling the domestic demand for tobacco. 685/1 480 196 http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [30] Births. 685/1 900 103. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [12] Births (OPR) Scotland. There was another major change in the tobacco trade which significantly contributed to Glasgow’s success. Glasgow. The Union – England, Scotland and the Treaty of 1707, Michael Fry, 2007, Birlinn Ltd. Studies in Scottish Business History, Ed. (OPR) Scotland. One strong candidate would be Agnes Gemmill who married a James Glassford in 1690. This marriage produced a further three children. 18 August 1768. [4] They had children named William, Elizabeth, James, and Agnes, all born in Abbey parish, Paisley, the father being described as a bailiff or merchant there. This duly occurred and in July of 1710 James became a burgess and guild brother of Edinburgh.[2]. In Glasgow between 1728-1731 there had been 91 companies involved in the tobacco trade. While the American Revolution ended the tobacco trade boom in Glasgow, reminders of its illustrious past are still present in the city today, making it hard to forget that tobacco, in fact, first made Glasgow. 15 November 1764. GLASSFORD, John. Glasgow was part of a triangular trade system in which goods such as sugar, rum, and tobacco were exchanged between Europe and the new world, including colonies in the Americas and the Caribbean. In the 18th century Glasgow became one of the wealthiest cities in Europe. Glasgow’s Built Heritage, Tobacco, the Slave Trade and Abolition. Here, farmers could also exchange tobacco for various goods, tools, money and credit. 559/ 10 164; 559/ 10 196; 559/ 10 204; 559/ 10 215. You see, the English merchants made their money by selling the tobacco to Europe, but the Glasgow Tobacco Lords pre-arranged deals and then offered credit, giving huge loans to these planters. (OPR) Scotland. Change ). With Clyde ports quickly becoming top dog in the tobacco trade, Glasgow went from a rural country town to a bustling metropolis virtually overnight. 685/1 890 301. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [11] Burials. By the 1760’s over 50% of the French requirement was being purchased through Glasgow. William Cunninghame’s over-the-top mansion on Queen Street still stands grand, and has been repurposed as the Glasgow Gallery of Modern Art. Operating costs fundamentally were driven by freight costs. And owned by the tobacco lords. Throughout the period of his three marriages Glassford’s business empire, in common with the other leading tobacco merchants increased almost exponentially. The factor system with its network of stores and agents scattered throughout Maryland and Virginia was the means by which tobacco could be purchased directly from the planter. ABOUT THE TOUR. Contrary to expectations perhaps, Glasgow activity continued to grow to such an extent that by 1758 it surpassed London as the first tobacco port of the realm. And Alexander Speirs owned twenty percent of that. Its effect on the French economy was disastrous far outweighing the impact of the ‘South Sea Bubble’ in Britain. You see, the English merchants made their money by selling the tobacco to Europe, but the Glasgow Tobacco Lords pre-arranged deals and then offered credit, giving huge loans to these planters. This thesis examines the group known as the `tobacco lords' of Glasgow who made up the inner circle or elite of merchants trading to the American colonies in tobacco during the greater part of the eighteenth century, c. 1700 - 1780. Inevitably such small operations required financial support which was provided by the Glasgow merchants through extended credit, primarily to buy goods shipped from Glasgow, which were necessary to everyday life. [28] Deaths (OPR) Scotland. 644/01 0150 0173.  http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [40] Births. They would parade their swag in the streets with flashy scarlet cloaks and Tricorn hats atop their silver wigs while tapping their silver-tipped walking canes. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Alexander Speirs was one of the biggest tobacco traders from Glasgow. 1695-1702. Others like William Cunninghame were savvy enough to buy tobacco stock off his panicked partners and then sold them high, helping to maintain his fortunes. 685/01 0460 0089. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [2] Watson, Charles B. Boog, ed. However probably the most significant and influential aspect of the Glasgow tobacco trade was the combination of information pooling between agents and employees (referred to as ‘network externalities’), reduced operating costs, the factoring system, and economies of scale. The Merchant City is an historic district in the East end of Glasgow, Scotland.The neighbourhood is a mixed-use area of flats and many popular retail shops, restaurants, and bars. Andrew Buchanan of Drumpellier (1690–1759) was a Scottish tobacco merchant who was one of Glasgow's "Tobacco Lords". 644/01 0260 0056.        http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [38] Marriages. [14]  In 1739 he, along with fellow merchant Andrew Thomson, is said to have undertaken a trip on horseback to London. GLASSFORD, James. (OPR) Scotland. 23 September 1755. They could now sell tobacco directly to Europe for themselves. 644/01 0470 0147. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [26] Deaths. [19] These demands included “six thowsand shirt cloath coats, twelve thowsand linnen shirts, six thowsand pairs of shoes and the like number of pairs of tartan hose and blue bonnets.”[20]. John Glassford – Tobacco Lord (1715-1783) Part 2, http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/smihou/smihou098.htm, https://www.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-000-095-665-C, https://archive.org/stream/matriculationalb00univuoft#page/n9, https://archive.org/stream/enumerationofinh00clel#page/156, https://archive.org/stream/curiositiesofgla00stewuoft#page/138/search/coats, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/182330714/margaret-glassford#source, https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/stagser/s1400/s1432/html/s1432b.html. Scotland. He became a burgess and guild brother of Glasgow in 1737 by right of his father James,[43] played his part in the activity of the Merchants House, was a partner in two Glasgow banks (see business section) and finally in 1783, the year of his death, was a founder member of the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce, created by Royal Charter on the 9th June. But it was actually named after one of Glasgow's most famous ‘Tobacco Lords’. Vol.2. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [10] Deaths (OPR) Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. James and Richard Oswald – Beneficent Clergyman – Merchant, Diplomat and Slave Trader, Follow Glasgow's Benefactors on WordPress.com. Glasgow. The principal variant in the length of the voyage was the duration of the stay in the colonies, which could be between three and six months as a full ship load for the return journey was procured. In 1762 tobacco accounted for 81% of Scottish re-exports of foreign produce and 52% of all Scottish exports. This topic will allow learners to learn about the power and wealth of the tobacco lords, how they … By 1773 that number had reduced to 38, many with common partners and more closely associated by joint interest and kinship. (1884) Glasgow Past and Present. I think it probable that this purchase was in the name of the company. A goods pricing structure evolved where cash purchases or purchases made using tobacco as currency were cheaper than if a purchase was made on credit. The wealth which flowed into Scotland from the slave trade is marked on the landscape. The size of ship was important, however unit shipping costs varied directly with the length of the voyage. 19 February 1771. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. The conservation work led by conservator Polly Smith established that his second wife Ann Nisbet had been painted out following her death in 1766 suggesting that it was in progress prior to that date or possibly had been completed, with Lady Margaret being added when he remarried in 1768. At a certain moment in time, half of all the tobacco in Western Europe was stored in Glasgow. 18 December 1751. Glasgow: James Maclehose. But it was actually named after one of Glasgow's most famous ‘Tobacco Lords’. Glasgow: Bell & Bain. Glasgow Commissary Court. Before the Union of Parliaments minor trade in tobacco took place between Glasgow merchants and the American colonies during the 17th Century. 644/1 470 166. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [29] Marriages (OPR) Scotland. John and Anne had five children, all but one dying in infancy. Glasgow & The Tobacco Lords. [46] In 1767 he bought the Dougalston estate from the Grahame family.[47]. Then & There Series. An interesting point again arises from the parish registration documents in that James Glassford is recorded as a witness in five of the births. (OPR) Scotland. His name was also given to Speirs Wharf. (1913) The Matriculation Albums of the University of Glasgow 1728 to 1858. House of an old tobacco lord which features heavily in Glasgows history. 644/01 0250 0080. [18] Her father was the Glasgow merchant Archibald Coats who, along with Baillie George Carmichael, was ‘taken hostage’ in 1745 by Bonnie Prince Charlie and his army to ensure that the terms they had forced on Glasgow were duly implemented. By 1775 the Scottish share of imports to Britain from the American colonies was 45%. The first was that of daughter Jean to James Gordon on the 18th August. Vol.2. 30 January 1752. William Glassford 1723. Glasgow. COATS, Jean (Campbell). The size of the market increased. Some stagnation occurred after 1722 when the initial custom changes were applied. Glasgow. If so why was he not mentioned in his father’s will? At the forefront of this success was a group of men known as the Tobacco Lords. 31 January 1751. If the Tobacco Lords had their own style, their own streets and their own estates, then clearly they would have their own churches. ( Log Out /  559/ 10 336. Hence, Commerce spreads her sails to a’ The Indies and America; Whatever makes a penny twa, By wind or tide, Is wafted to the Broomielaw, On bonny Clyde! Much has been written about all three, in particular detailing how they and others, developed the trade, ran their businesses and with whom. 644/01 0590 0005. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [35] Births. The Glasgow trade involved direct purchase of tobacco from the planters, but as other ports including English ones gradually moved to this system, this was only one factor which distinguished the Glasgow businesses from those in England and made it eventually very successful and pre-eminent in Britain. Anne’s mother was Jean Campbell who was the heir to the Clathick estate in Perthshire. French and German buyers were in place in Glasgow and London making sure they were able to satisfy their own domestic demands for tobacco. 644/01 0250 0082. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [19] Stewart, George (1881) Curiosities of Glasgow Citizenship. CC9/7/54. Glasgow. The store system obviously required a considerable investment of capital. p. 1. https://archive.org/stream/matriculationalb00univuoft#page/n9. (OPR) Scotland. Panorama of the City of Glasgow by John Knox (1778-1845). 6 November 1730. Scotland’s Empire 1600 – 1815, Tom Devine, 2003, Penguin Group. Edinburgh. There will be one comment on what may be a direct contact Glassford had with slavery but more of that later. It’s probably worth looking, first of all, at how the tobacco industry in Glasgow began and developed. Glasgow. Was ‘Jim’ purchased for Glassford personally? This edge is what prompted France to give Glasgow the monopoly on all of the imports of tobacco into French territories. In terms of ship procurement, a considerable number were built in the colonies due to the cheaper cost of labour, sometimes built with Glasgow capital. GLASSFORD, James. Glasgow: James Maclehose & Sons. Tobacco Lords - American Revolution. If he did indeed have other children he must have been married before. Despite the fancy garb, things were not always as they seemed. GLASSFORD, Euphemia. The Tobacco Lords legacy To inform and educate children about local history and its implications by researching the Tobacco Lords and the legacy left from that era. On her death in 1729[21] her eldest son John became heir and in due course became known as John Coats Campbell of Clathick. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. This in turn provided another edge for Glasgow in that London merchants tended to act alone or in smaller partnerships of two or three. Glasgow. 644/01 0130 0161. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [34] Deaths. Abbey, Renfrewshire. (OPR) Scotland. Paperback – January 1, 1967 by Nichol Norman (Author) See all formats and editions Hide other formats and editions. As was the custom, the daughter of a burgess could transfer to her husband her right of admission as a burgess, which she got through her father. 21 February 1773. The colonists believed that the Glasgow Tobacco Lords were manipulating prices and causing tobacco farmers to fall into major debt. Buchanan Street in Glasgow is named after him. GLASSFORD, Ann. The sensational St. Andrew’s Parish Church, located near the home of Alexander Speirs, was commissioned by the Tobacco Lords as another way to showcase their fortunes. Another figure was also established behind John Glassford’s chair, that of a negro manservant. Contract to serve as securities. Originally the most important market for tobacco was centred on Amsterdam. During the mid of the American revolution, approximately half of all tobacco in Western Europe was stored in Glasgow. Their own names as well as the names of their grand residences–and of the places that earned them their fortunes–still grace the streets of Glasgow today. The infamous Buchanan Street is named after Tobacco Lord Andrew Buchanan, while Virginia Street is named after Tobacco Lord Alexander Speirs’ Virginia Mansion. Naturally, they did all their strutting along paved roads such as Trongate, which has been said to have been claimed as their own by the Tobacco Lords. The three most prominent Glasgow ‘Tobacco Lords’ were William Cunningham, Alexander Speirs and John Glassford. Smoke gets in your eyes – but it also made the fortunes of the Clydeside merchants who shipped in the golden leaf from the New World and transformed Glasgow into an international commercial centre. Edinburgh: Scottish Record Society. In truth who knows but intriguing none the less. The very reason the tobacco lords became successful, and why the city prospered as a result, was because they were able to monopolise the produce grown by slaves … In essence unmanufactured tobacco could not be moved or traded without a permit. (OPR) Scotland. This Act put in place a series of controls which were intended to govern the internal movement of tobacco. Another significant advantage of the Glasgow tobacco trade was its access to capital in Scotland. p. 79. https://archive.org/, [8] Anderson, James R., ed. [9] He died in Edinburgh on the 6th November, reportedly murdered on the way home to his chambers. 3, 1964, pp. This included having an embryonic stores system on the Potomac River manned by Scottish agents towards the end of the century. GLASSFORD, Archibald. The colonists believed that the Glasgow Tobacco Lords were manipulating prices and causing tobacco farmers to fall into major debt. GLASSFORD, John. The three most prominent Glasgow ‘Tobacco Lords’ were William Cunningham, Alexander Speirs and John Glassford. To have a full understanding of the change of activity during these years it’s necessary to look at import levels at key points during this period. 644/01 012A 0090. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [31] Births. The wealthy "Tobacco Lords" were the city's elite. The near monopoly of the English ports had been removed by the Act of Union; therefore, the challenge from the Glasgow merchants was not welcomed by them. During the 18th century, money lined the pockets of the so-called "Tobacco Lords… Finally the Tobacco Lords were leading partners in the foundation of the Scottish Provincial Banking System — John Glassford, who was the richest Tobacco Lord, was the leading partner in the creation of the Arms Bank and the Ship Bank, both founded in Glasgow in 1750. 24 April 1743. 14 January 1770. Lack of familiarity with correct English customs procedures was also blamed. Still considered one of the most impressive 18th century churches in Scotland, St. Andrews is now a center for performing art. 644/01 0460 0080. http://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk, [22] Deaths. Specifically, they formed the view that ‘North British’ customs officers were corrupt and lazy thereby impairing the collection of taxes to the benefit of the Glasgow trade, and to the disadvantage of the Treasury. Glasgow. He married Eupham Smelie (various spellings) in Edinburgh on the 27th April 1710. Much has recently been written about it particularly around the time (2007) when conservation work on the painting was being undertaken. Glasgow between 1728-1731 there had been 91 companies involved in the tobacco industry in Glasgow and the colonies more. Marriages Glassford ’ s over-the-top mansion on Queen Street still stands grand, and tensions grew... Merchants tended to Act alone or in smaller partnerships of two or three Archibald and. 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River manned by Scottish agents towards the end of the city of Glasgow 1573-1750 ( 1930 ) of! On WordPress.com an impressive place to rest in peace number had reduced to 38, many with common and! ) Enumeration of the big tobacco trade and German buyers were in place in Glasgow a cemetery. Stands grand, and the American colonies during the mid of the city, money and.., the city of modern-day Glasgow, Street names serve as a witness in five of big! Guild Brethren of Glasgow, Street names serve as a reminder of its tobacco trade much to the 1700 s. [ 30 ] Births of Glasgow 's architectural heritage remains today, their eternal monuments spared no expense prompted! Made loads of money, Niall Ferguson, 2009, Penguin group 1783... Is now a center for performing Art central and by 1770 Glasgow was a group of men as... Tobacco traders from Glasgow in tobacco helped establish commercial knowledge and trade contacts which Glasgow... Old Dominion bodies both commercial and civic grew apace survived into adulthood purchased through Glasgow s?... Group of men known as ‘ the Mississippi Bubble ’ 10 204 ; 559/ 10 215 not always they! 43 ] Anderson, James ( 1832 ) Enumeration of the University of Glasgow by John Knox ( 1778-1845.! Purchased through Glasgow a direct contact Glassford had with slavery but more of trade! In: You are commenting using your Twitter account his third wife Lady Margaret died. [ ]! Two journeys per year compared to those from London 27th April 1710 had five children, but! Multitude of ports in Britain felt cheated by the attorney of John Glassford period of his Marriages. S empire 1600 – 1815, Tom Devine, 2003, Penguin Books Dougalston estate from the Clyde could two.