Read More. Copper and Cr may be from herbicides, while Al and B may be from both natural sources and waste water containing Al used in coagulation and B from detergents [7, 13, 42]. In addition, there are “men with catapults” who ensure monkeys and baboons do not disturb guests within the premises. An excited Jemimah identified a huge rock on the river bank on which she stood and posed while his brother captured the moments. The dry season starts in late May, and goes up to early October during when large concentration of wildlife is found in the reserve due to availability of lush vegetation along the Ewaso Nyiro River, the main source of water to the Reserve and the nearby communities. Samburu National park Kenya – Kenya wildlife safaris, tours and holidays. Find the perfect ewaso ngiro stock photo. It is perennial in its upper reaches with the point of zero flow varying between Sericho and Malka Bulfayo, depending on the rainfall further upstream; after Malka Bulfayo, the river often changes its course [14]. The Authority plans to expand the production area to 625 acres, which is the threshold for establishment of a tea factory. Ewaso Nyiro basin covers an area of about 210,226 km2, 36.3%, of Kenya drainage area and bears 5.8% of Kenya water potential with an annual yield of 1469 million m3. Eighty-seven percent and 67% of all sampled sites had more than 0.2 mg/L of Al in wet and dry seasons, respectively. The use of polluted water for livestock and irrigation purposes is unsafe due to bioaccumulation and biomagnification effect in the food chain. Nitrate was the only variable in component two with a high loading of 0.96 and was from leached fertilizers just like in wet season. The upper reach has a population density of 100 people per km2 and about 10 in the lower reaches that are arid and semiarid [8]. Aluminum concentration above 0.2 mg/L is not acceptable to most consumers, based on aesthetic considerations, besides increased number of studies associating high concentration Al in drinking water with Parkinson and Alzheimer’s disease [9, 13]. Der Uaso-Nyiro-Fluss ist ein Fluss in Kenia. Majority of the population is concentrated in areas with adequate rainfall for agriculture, and vast areas are sparsely populated with nomadic pastoralists. 5) The Ewaso Nyiro North River area (210,226 Km2) comprises the northern part of K enya and drains the northern slopes of the Aberdare ranges and Mt. The plentiful wildlife that roams the reserve relies on the Ewaso Nyiro River. Food Policy 47:34–45, Zeng X, Liu Y, You S, Zeng G, Tan X, Hu X, Li F (2015) Spatial distribution, health risk assessment and statistical source identification of the trace elements in surface water from the Xiangjiang River, China. It acts as a vital lifeline both for wildlife and the local people and their livestock. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 21), while map was prepared using Google maps. For instance, Laikipia County population has tripled over the last three decades from 134,524 in 1979 to 399,227 in 2009 [22]. These include Laikipia, Isiolo, and Samburu, all located within the Ewaso Ng'iro north basin. Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. P.O. Kenya is classified as a water scarce country with 80% of land mass being arid and semiarid [33]. Ewaso Nyiro tenders prequalification requirements. Athi River that serves over four million Kenyans with drinking water recorded a mean of 2.5 mg/L against USEPA recommended concentration of 0.3 mg/L [33]. The sparsely populated plains are a haven for wildlife, which rely on the Ewaso Nyiro River as a source of water. Previous documented studies of Ewaso Nyiro were based on water management, scarcity and conflicts [22, 41]. This project was supported by Sino-Africa Joint Research Center (Number: SAJC201601), Chinese Academy of Sciences and National Natural Sciences of China, (Number: NSFC 31361140360). Aluminum and Mn concentrations of 8.96 and 1.11 mg/L, respectively, were detected in Tana River surface water in 2018 [31]. Large predators such as the lion, leopard and cheetah are an important attraction (Kamunyak the miracle lioness that adopted the baby oryx is a resident in the reserve). It means the river of brown or muddy water. ENSDA is in the process of High concentration of As, Hg, Ni, Cu and Cd was detected in lakes Bogoria and Elementaita [48]. With an area of approximately 9723 km 2, most of Laikipia is low country with numerous broad and generally grassy volcanic ridges cut into by two major rivers Narok and Ewaso Nyiro with various tributaries flowing down from the Aberdares and Mt. Ewaso Nyiro Labeo (Labeo percivali) is a carp species endemic to a single river system in Kenya. Ewaso Nyiro irrigation water had a manganese contamination factor of 9.17, implying it was very contaminated. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. These pollutants may be from both anthropogenic and natural sources. Meager water resources that are available are heavily polluted with potentially toxic elements. Hippos and crocodiles share the river and live in harmony together. Peter Tajeu, vice chairman of the Olkiramatian conservancy in Narok County, some 130 km south of Nairobi, said the Ewaso Nyiro River is a lifeline for both wild animals and livestock. Euclidean interval pattern and ward linkage were applied, while potentially toxic element concentrations were standardized using Z-score. Community Westgate Conservancy. The local timezone is named Africa / Nairobi with an UTC offset of 3 hours. Nitrate may have originated from leached fertilizers from agricultural activities. RG assisted in research permit acquisition. Part of Springer Nature. Highest risk index recorded was 15.88 in livestock drinking water and was way below 50 that can pose mild risk, suggesting there was no risk posed to human and livestock. This lake also supply water to Nyahururu town. The Athi, Lake Naivasha, Tana and Ewaso Nyiro river basins have their source in Aberdare Forest Reserve. Aerial photograph of lake Oloborosat This lake is the source of water for Ewaso Nyiro River. Samburu takes its name from the nomadic tribe who live throughout this area. Source: UGC. Sampling in dry season was conducted in late February, while wet season samples were collected in August of 2019. Hierarchical dendrogram of nutrients and metals in Ewaso Nyiro River during wet season, Hierarchical dendrogram of nutrients and metals in Ewaso Nyiro River during dry season. The river is the principal source of domestic and irrigation water to the arid north of Kenya. Chemos 216:715–724, Sharifi Z, Hossaini SMT, Renella G (2016) Risk assessment for sediment and stream water polluted by heavy metals released by a municipal solid waste composting plant. Water 4:1009–1024, Ferrante M, Signorelli SS, Ferlito SL, Grasso A, Dimartino A, Copat C (2018) Groundwater-based water wells characterization from Guinea Bissau (Western Africa): a risk evaluation for the local population. Rumuruti Swamp is rich in Cyperus papyrus and other beneficial macrophytes such as Cyperus articulatus and Typha latifolia may be introduced to promote phytoremediation of Al and Fe [14, 33]. Ecological risk assessment was determined by calculating contamination factor, pollution load index and ecological risk index. The river runs its course through three different reserves, namely the Shaba National Reserve, the Buffalo Springs National Reserve, and the Samburu National Reserve. The river is the principal source of domestic and irrigation water to the arid north of Kenya. The Reserve lies within ecological zone V- which is classified as arid and semi- arid with moisture index of 42 to 57, which indicate that evapo-transpiration is … Herbicides, leached fertilizer and fuel leaking into the river water were the primary sources of anthropogenic pollution. Dev Earth Sur Proc 16:199–218, Ochieng EZ, Lalah JO, Wandiga SO (2007) Analysis of heavy metals in water and surface sediment in five Rift Valley lakes in Kenya for assessment of recent increase in anthropogenic activities. The area is defined by two mountains, the Ewaso River that flows from the highlands, and a combination of acacia, dense forests, and grassland … Water scarcity has resulted in regional and local conflicts [25, 29]. Nitrate is readily soluble and may seep from agricultural land and pollute water bodies [13]. XY had the original idea for the study. The dry season starts in late May, and goes up to early October during when large concentration of wildlife is found in the reserve due to availability of lush vegetation along the Ewaso Nyiro River, the main source of water to the Reserve and the nearby communities. There was a significant difference in concentration of pollutants in different sites and seasons as indicated in Table 2. Le bassin supérieur du Ewaso Ng'iro a une superficie de 15 200 km2 et est continuellement alimenté par les eaux en provenance du glacier du Mont Kenya et … August 15, 2011 . Water Qual Exp Heal 7:4, Davies W, Gustafsson J (2015) Water Resources in Kenya: Closing the Gap (Report), Defarge N, Vendômois JS, Séralini GE (2018) Toxicity of formulants and heavy metals in glyphosate-based herbicides and other pesticides. 2 Comments. 2 and 3. Environ Monit Assess 189:454, Nyingi DW, Gichuki N, Ogada MO (2013) Freshwater ecology of Kenyan highlands and lowlands. - 95.216.224.104. Situated alongside the Ewaso Nyiro River, there is plenty to attract wildlife from the surrounding savannah plains. WHO Chronicle 38:564, Goulet RR, Lalonde JD, Munger C, Dupuis S (2005) Phytoremediation of effluents from aluminum smelters: a study of Al retention in mesocosms containing aquatic plants. North of the Laikipia Plateau is the scrubby open bushland of the Samburu National Reserve. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. the ultimate goal of establishing Majority of the sampled sites had relatively low concentration of NO3− registering a median of 0.27 and 0.10 mg/L, in wet and dry seasons, respectively. Ewaso Nyiro River and its tributaries traverse Nyeri, Nyandarua and Laikipia counties before draining into Lorian Swamp, 2918 km2, at Merti in Isiolo County. 4 The forest has a rich diversity of fauna and flora which make it of interest to tourists. To apply for water tenders Kenya, you need to fulfil the following requirements: The net worth of the firm or the individual applying for the tender should be positive. The Aberdares National Park located north of the forest receives more than 50,000 tourists every year. The Reserve lies within ecological zone V- which is classified as arid and semi-arid with a moisture index of 42 to 57, which indicates that evapotranspiration is greater than available … Buffalo Springs covers an area of approximately 131sq km and Shaba covers an area of approximately 239sq km. PubMed Google Scholar. The Programme is Integrated River Basin Based Development. Domestic use of polluted water is thus highly likely, and this may predispose innocent and poor people to deleterious effects of potentially toxic elements. The … Film Television show Game Sport Science Hobby Travel Technology Brand Outer space Cinematography Photography Music Literature Theatre History Transport Visual arts … Water Res X 1:100001, Cobbina SJ, Agoboh YP, Duwiejuah AB, Bakobie N (2015) Evaluation of stored rainwater quality in Basic Schools in the Tamale Metropolis, Ghana. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Opposite KEBS offices TEL: +254-020- 2342438 TEL: +254-729- 255246 E-MAIL: [email protected] CONTINUE READING. Strong positive correlation observed between Al–Cr and Cr–Co may imply Cr was from both natural and anthropogenic sources since Al and Cr are widely distributed in earth crust [13]. It crosses the border into Tanzania, where it empties into Lake Natron. Water is an indispensable resource. Environ Pollut 242:1128–1136, Geology and mineral resource potential of Kenya (2015), Giné GR, Pérez A (2013) Unravelling the linkages between water, sanitation, hygiene and rural poverty: the wash poverty Index. Situated alongside the Ewaso Nyiro River, there is plenty to attract wildlife from the surrounding savannah plains. A total of 30 samples were collected during wet and dry seasons, as shown in Fig. Incidences of ecological risk caused by zinc have been observed in Japan [30]. High Mn in drinking water lowers children IQ. High Mn in drinking and food stuff has been confirmed to cause health complications. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 79:570–576, Ogendi GM, Ong’oa IM (2009) Water policy accessibility and water ethics in Kenya. The Ewaso Nyiro River is the most important water source in the study area. Poor agronomic practices such as the use of Co- and Cu-based herbicides close to riparian zone may have contributed in Ewaso Nyiro River pollution. Ewaso Nyiro drainage basin population has increased rapidly in recent past. Andisol soils that are prevalent in Kenya highlands are rich in Al, Fe and Mn [33]. Kenya to the east that provides many tributaries. Leaking irrigation pumps and cleaning motor bikes on the river banks were observed to pollute the river with Mn. Consequently, the use of Ewaso Nyiro River water for livestock and irrigation purposes should be done with caution due to considerable Fe and very high Mn contamination. Njuguna, S.M., Githaiga, K.B., Onyango, J.A. Do you have a groundbreaking story you would like us to publish? As the theme of this year 2nd -9th of August states ‘Saving Ewaso Ngiro-Promorting Cohesion and Securing Livelihoods of Communities in the Ewaso Ecosystem’, we aim to raise awareness on the need to conserve Ewaso Nyiro River being the main source of water in the semi arid region of Kenya mainly occupied by the pastoralists. The Ewaso Nyiro Basin is an area spanning over 30,000 km 2 with variable topography ranging from 200 to over 3000 m. Two major physical features influence the climatic and drainage patterns within this landscape: the Aberdare ranges system to the southwest that forms the source of Ewaso Nyiro River and Mt. Cases of these elements emanating from natural sources have been reported [39]. 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